2016 Cooling Ocean 
Union of Concerned Scientists
JANUARY 7, 2025
The year 2023 was by far the warmest in Earths recorded history, and perhaps in the past 100,000 years , shattering the previous record set in 2016 by 0.27C (0.49F). Its a great question, but the warming effect from heat-trapping gases far outweighs the cooling effect from industrial aerosols. But why were 2023 and 2024 so warm?
Real Climate
JANUARY 12, 2024
First, it’s been obvious for months that 2023 would be a record year – in temperatures (at the surface, troposphere and in the ocean), in Antarctic sea ice, in the number of big climate disasters etc. Ongoing issues Last year at this time, I discussed ongoing work to understand trends in the Southern Ocean. Why oh why?
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Real Climate
AUGUST 25, 2023
If the AMOC weakens, this region will cool. And in fact it is cooling – it’s the only region on Earth which has cooled since preindustrial times. Not in summer when the ocean is covered by a shallow surface mixed layer heated by the sun and highly dependent on weather conditions.) From Rahmstorf and Ganopolski 1999.
Real Climate
AUGUST 12, 2021
I think in hindsight that my concerns from 2013 to some extent were supported by the fact that the IPCC organised an Expert Meeting on Communication, Oslo, Norway, 9–10 February 2016. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is the most important greenhouse gas that we have added to the atmosphere, however, some of it has been absorbed by land and oceans.
Real Climate
APRIL 2, 2021
2016 ), a reduction of Saharan dust concentration since the 1970s ( Evan et al. 2016 ), could increase again in concentration. 2016 ), in addition to a long-term decline ( Caesar et al. 242-246, 2016. Bennartz, "The Role of Aerosols in the Evolution of Tropical North Atlantic Ocean Temperature Anomalies", Science , vol.
Real Climate
AUGUST 9, 2021
Projections of (a) temperature (constrained), (b) Arctic sea ice area (raw CMIP6), (c) ocean pH (constrained), and sea level (d)to 2100, and (e) to 2300 (constrained). Since 2012, global surface temperature has warmed strongly, with the past five years (2016–2020) being the hottest five-year period between 1850 and 2020 ( high confidence ).
Real Climate
JULY 10, 2022
The IPCC AR6 report used the most up-to-date estimates from Etminan et al (2016) which are similar but slightly more complicated than the simplified, oft-used formula for CO 2 : RF = 5.35 W/m 2 , and the net forcing (including cooling impacts of aerosols and natural changes) is 2.7±0.8 ln(CO 2 /CO 2 _orig) (seen in Table 6.2
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