2018 Cooling Ozone Radiation 
Real Climate
MAY 21, 2023
As predicted in 1967 by Manabe and Wetherald , the stratosphere has been cooling. The dominant factors are changes in CO2 (a cooling), ozone depletion (a cooling), warming from big volcanoes, and oscillations related to the solar cycle. Thompson et al. We are using the NOAA-STAR version 3.0 of these products (Zou et al.,
HumanNature
MARCH 31, 2021
This balance describes how much energy is being reflected back into space versus how much is being absorbed by our atmosphere; a positive change in the balance indicates that we’re taking more energy in (net warming) and a negative balance indicates that we’re reflecting more energy out (net cooling). References Arctic Council. June 25, 2020.
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